Critical Analysis of Ageing Biomarkers

Critical Analysis of Ageing Biomarkers Introduction Biomarkers have been used since 1980, in aging and age related diseases. The use of biomarkers helps increase the understanding of a disease and help in diagnosis. Biomarkers can investigate a disease from early manifestations to final stages and can characterise biological age. Aging results in the deterioration of functional capacity and exposes people to diseases over time. The biomarkers should be measurable in the blood, tissues or cells and should be easily obtained from blood or urine samples. Biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of disease are the two key types of biomarkers used in clinical settings. The effect and rate of aging is reliant upon individuals (Strimbu and Tavel, 2010). A reliable biomarker should be a predicator of life span not chronological age, should work on animals and humans and be frequently tested. There are three key types of biomarker; determine chronological age, predict life expectancy and disease predisposition. Biomarkers can enable the development of drugs to reverse or slow down the progression of a disease. Example of biomarkers of aging are cellular senescence, hormonal deregulation and oxidative stress (Sergievsky, 2004) and (Strimbu and Tavel, 2010) Biomarkers Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have been associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. C reactive protein (CRP) biomarker is an acute phase reactant produced in the liver, following tissue injury, inflammation and infection is released into the bloodstream. An indication of cardiovascular disease risk could be the elevations in CRP levels in the blood, people with a higher or lower cardiovascular disease risk can be identified by measuring CRP levels in the blood. Elevated CRP levels cause inflammation and oxidative stress regardless of metabolic syndrome (Horiuchi and Mogi, 2011) and (Abraham et al, 2007). The data was analysed from 12 European countries and included patients over 50 years that had at least one cardiovascular risk factor with no history of cardiovascular disease. Diabetics were also analysed. Glycated haemoglobin levels were positively correlated with CRP levels and there was a negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Women that had increased cardiovascular disease risk factor and more metabolic syndrome markers had elevated CRP levels. 30% of diabetic patients that were not receiving statin therapy had CRP levels ≠¥3mg/L and 50% CRP levels were ≠¥2mg/L, subjects with intermediate levels of cardiovascular disease risk. Mean CRP levels were ≠¥4.2mg/L in the overall population, levels were similar to subjects with diabetes. Subjects were over 50 years however no association was found between elevated CRP levels and age. Almost 50% subjects regardless of cardiovascular disease risk factor had CRP levels of ≠¥2mg/L. Increasing CRP levels were associated with metabolic syndrome markers. There was an association between raised CRP levels and greater cardiovascular risk (Halcox et al, 2014). This study looked at age related increase in compartments of visceral fat and the association with harmful changes in blood lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in non-obese women. Visceral fat has been suggested to be a predictor of variations plasma lipid levels, lipoprotein and plasma glucose-insulin concentrations. Abdominal adiposity increase helps identify age related decline in insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid levels. 178 women were categorized into four age groups, visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue areas, body composition, blood lipid profile, glucose disposal and aerobic fitness were directly analysed. With age, there was an increase in abdominal adipose tissue. An age related proliferation was detected in total cholesterol (p The study investigated age related fluctuations in cutaneous sensation, areas of the palm and dorsal surface of the hand and nerves in the hand were observed. In eight sites of the glabrous skin and two on hairy skin on both hands cutaneous perceptual threshold was tested. 70 subjects aged between 20-88 years were used. Three tests were used von Frey thresholds, two point stimulations and Texture discrimination. The threshold for cutaneous sensation increased significantly with age (P Two point stimulation, showed increased threshold with age (P=0.046), lowest thresholds were observed in 20s (5mm) and in 60s had highest (7mm). Each area had increased loss of sensitivity with age. No significant increase was observed for threshold for texture discrimination, there was a stable surge until the 80s. From the 20s (0.27mm) up to 70s (0.44mm) an increase was observed however in the 80s (31mm) there was a decrease.No difference was seen between various sites of the hand, non-dominant/dominant and sexes. After the age of 60 males and 70 for females, there was an accelerated decline in cutaneous sensation (Bowden and McNutty, 2013). The obvious sign of aging is the decrease in muscle mass, function and increase fatigability in old age, it is suggested that there is a decline in myosin heavy chain synthesis with sacropenia. The synthesis rate decline highlights functional consequences of a weakened remodelling process. Muscle mass is regulated by muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, a lower synthesis rate compared to breakdown may result in diminished muscle mass. The loss of lean mass and decreased performance highlights metabolic changes that occur with sacorpenia. Myosin heavy chain is involved in the hydrolysis ATP to ADP, it is vital for muscle contractile functions. Myosin heavy chain synthesis rate was measured instantaneously with rates of mixed muscle and sarcoplasmic proteins. In young to middle aged people a decline in synthesis rate of mixed muscle protein (p Age related bone loss in men and women is the result of decline in hormones such as oestrogen and estradiol. It is understood that tissue growth and metabolism is regulated by insulin like growth factor (IGF) and binding proteins. The growth endorsing regulatory system IGF is growth hormone dependant and independent, it is a complex system. Six IGF binding proteins included in the IGF system as well as IGF-I and IGF-II. Osteoblastic diversity and bone development is improved by IGF-I and IGF-II which are abundant growth factors in bone tissue. These factors upsurge the production of type1 collagen fibres and apposition rates of bone matrix, degradation of bone collagen is reduced. The effects of IGF-I and IGF-II maybe potentiated or repressed by IGFBPs although they are anabolic. Metabolic activity and clearance of IGF-I and IGF-II is regulated by IGFBPs, IGF independent action that can inhibit or stimulate cellular function by four IGFBPs. Osteoblasts are able to synthesize all six IGFBPs. The role of serum levels of IGF-I and IGF-II, and IGFBP-1, 2 and 3 on bone mineral density was examined on various skeletal sites, in an age stratified random sample of 344 males and females. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels declined with increasing age in males and females, IGFBP-2 levels increased with age. Associations between IGFBP-2 and lateral spine BMD were not observed however with age adjustment IGFBPs with BMD were significant for males and females. The most significant independent predictor of bone mineral density was IGFBP-2 amongst all the ones studies in males and females (Amin et al, 2004) Alterations in brain tissue and grey matter can help in diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia etc. Aging has a profound effect on the brain. Grey and white matter contrast functionally and anatomically as well as having different patterns in brain development. MRI imaging is an effective way of investigating brain morphometric in vivo enabling the production of accurate and reliable information. Investigations have looked at age specific effects on various brain regions findings from the analysis have revealed brain tissue loss with age may vary between the various brain regions and hemispheres. 55 healthy volunteers aged between 20 and 86 were separated into two groups (20-49 and 50-86). Current or existing neuropsychiatric illness and substance abuse was excluded by a neurologist in an interview. Evaluations were done using MRI imaging and 50 separate brain volume images were under review. Results revealed reduction in grey matter with increasing age in males and females, deterioration begins at 20 years of age. Increasing age results in significant loss grey matter (4.9%). Increase in white matter is observed however accelerated decline in instigated around age of 40. A significant difference was observed between the two age groups (p=0.38), older people had significantly lower grey and white matter in the intracranial space as compared to younger ones (p Discussion Elevations of the biomarkers were helpful indicators in the development of disease and understanding age related changes in the body. Elevated CRP levels were observed in majority of patients regardless of cardiovascular risk. However, CRP is a non-specific inflammatory marker and elevations could be due to other biological processes. Amplified CRP levels is not the foremost casual factor for cardiovascular disease the levels (Halcox et al, 2014). Abdominal fat accumulation were seen to be an independent factor of age related change in plasma lipid levels and insulin sensitivity. Results revealed that abdominal visceral fat increased with age. The findings were consistent because age had an effect on insulin sensitivity (DeNino et al, 2001). Cutaneous sensation deteriorates with age, differences are also observed between sexes and hands. The extent of deterioration may have been undervalued this could have affected the results. There was difficulty in the assessment of skin hydration and the role of skin mechanics was inadequate. The associations between fine motor control and cutaneous sensation could be an area to study (Bowden and McNutty, 2013). There was an age related decline in myosin heavy chain synthesis but average synthesis rates were measured. Muscle mass decline was associated with incapacity for the skeletal muscle to remodel. Insulin resistance could have a role in declined myosin heavy chain synthesis due to its chronic effect. Differences between males and females were established. Data was normalized to whole body protein turnover to fat free mass because normalizations to body composition were fraught. Future research should investigate whether age related decline in synthesis rate could be retreated by use of replacement hormones (Balagopal et al, 1997). Age related bone loss was evident in males and females; the predictor for bone density was IGFBP-2. The results were not generalizable to the cognitively impaired. Correlations were observed between serum levels of IGF-1 and tissue levels within bone but there was limited understanding of the action at a local level. Future research should be directed towards investigating the complex role of the IGF system influence on bone metabolism (Amin et al, 2004). The exclusion of subjects with neurological conditions made comparisons difficult between young and old. An estimation of brain tissue loss can be done in healthy living subjects. The findings from the study were consistent with longitudinal studies (Robert et al, 2002). References Anti aging team . (2014). Biomarkers of aging . Available: http://www.anti-aging-guide.com/62biomakers.php. Last accessed 28th Feb 2015. Gertrude H. Sergievsky. (2004). Biomarkers: Potential Uses and Limitations. Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain,. 1 (2), 182-188. Jacob Abraham, Catherine Y. Campbell, Aamir Cheema, Ty J. Gluckman, Roger S. Blumenthal, Peter Danyi,. (2007). C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment:. The Journal of Cardiometabolic Syndrome. 2 (2), 119-123. Jocelyn L. Bowden Penelope A. McNulty. (2012). Age-related changes in cutaneous sensation in the healthy. American Aging Association. 35 (2), 1077-1089. Julian PJ Halcox1,2*, Carine Roy3, Florence Tubach3,4, Josà © R Banegas5,6, Jean Dallongeville7, Guy De Backer8,. (2014). C-reactive protein levels in patients at. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 14 (25), 1-9. Kyle Strimbu and Jorge A. Tavel. (2010). What are Biomarkers?. Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 6 (5), 463-466. Masatsugu Horiuchi, Masaki Mogi. (2011). C reactive protein Beyond Biomarker of Inflammation in. Hypertension. 57 (1), 672-673. P. BALAGOPAL,1 OLAV E. ROOYACKERS,1 DEBORAH B. ADEY,1. (1997). Effects of aging on in vivo synthesis of skeletal muscle. American Physiological Society. 1 (1), e790-e799 Shreyasee Amin,1 B Lawrence Riggs,2 Elizabeth J Atkinson,3 Ann L Oberg,3 L Joseph Melton III,2,4 and Sundeep Khosla2. (2004). A Potentially Deleterious Role of IGFBP-2 on Bone Density in Aging Men. JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH. 19 (1), 1075-1081 Walter F Denino, Andre Tchernof, Isabelle J. Dionne, Michael J. Toth, Philip A. Ades, Cynthia K. Sites, Eric T. Poehlman, . (2001). Contribution of Abdominal Adiposity to. Diabetes Care. 24 (5), 925-932. Yulin Ge, Robert I. Grossman, James S. Babb, Marcie L. Rabin,. (2002). Age-Related Total Gray Matter and White. American Society of Neuroradiology. 23 (1), 1327–1333.

The Effects of Global Warming on the Great Barrier Reef Essays -- Geol

The Effects of Global Warming on the Great Barrier Reef Introduction Coral reefs around the world are in danger. One of the causes is global warming, which has been increasing the temperature of the ocean water resulting in coral bleaching. This essay will focus on damage occurring to the Great Barrier Reef. What is a Coral Reef? A coral reef is a ridge formed in shallow ocean water by accumulated calcium-containing exoskeletons of coral animals, certain red algae, and mollusks. Coral reefs are tropical, forming only where surface waters are never cooler than 20Â ° C (68Â ° F). The only difference between a barrier reef and a coral reef is that a barrier reef occurs farther offshore, with a channel or lagoon between it and the shore. The outer layer of a reef consists of living animals, or polyps, of coral. Single-celled algae called zooxanthellae live within the coral polyps, and a skeleton containing filamentous green algae surrounds them. The photosynthetic zooxanthellae and green algae transfer food energy directly to the coral polyps, while acquiring scarce nutrients from the coral. The numerous micro habitats of coral reefs and the high biological productivity support a great diversity of other life. The Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is a chain of coral reefs in the Coral Sea, off the northeastern coast of Australia. The largest reef in the world, it extends about 1250 mi from Mackay, Queensland to the Torres Strait (between Australia and New Guinea.) The Great Barrier Reef is home to a remarkable number of organisms. The coral itself is made up of the skeletons of tiny, flowerlike water animals called polyps, held together by a limestone substance produced by a type of algae. Hundreds... ...bal Warming kills Great Barrier Reef coral http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/exterel/news/981008News/8.10.coral.html Coral bleaching http://www.uvi.edu/coral.reefer/bleach.htm Coral Reef http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=050FE000 Coral reefs in peril worldwide http://usatoday.com/life/science/environ/lse011.htm Coral 'stress' worsening, expert says http://www.msnbc.com/news/287041.asp?cp1=1 Global warming http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=03CCE000 Greenpeace reports threat to Great Barrier Reef http://www.wwinternational.com/pages/updatecontent/Reef.html Protecting Coral Reefs http://coralreef.gov/how.html What are Some Solutions to Global Warming http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Andes/9520/whattodo.html What are the Causes of Global Warming? http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Andes/9520/causes.html The Effects of Global Warming on the Great Barrier Reef Essays -- Geol The Effects of Global Warming on the Great Barrier Reef Introduction Coral reefs around the world are in danger. One of the causes is global warming, which has been increasing the temperature of the ocean water resulting in coral bleaching. This essay will focus on damage occurring to the Great Barrier Reef. What is a Coral Reef? A coral reef is a ridge formed in shallow ocean water by accumulated calcium-containing exoskeletons of coral animals, certain red algae, and mollusks. Coral reefs are tropical, forming only where surface waters are never cooler than 20Â ° C (68Â ° F). The only difference between a barrier reef and a coral reef is that a barrier reef occurs farther offshore, with a channel or lagoon between it and the shore. The outer layer of a reef consists of living animals, or polyps, of coral. Single-celled algae called zooxanthellae live within the coral polyps, and a skeleton containing filamentous green algae surrounds them. The photosynthetic zooxanthellae and green algae transfer food energy directly to the coral polyps, while acquiring scarce nutrients from the coral. The numerous micro habitats of coral reefs and the high biological productivity support a great diversity of other life. The Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is a chain of coral reefs in the Coral Sea, off the northeastern coast of Australia. The largest reef in the world, it extends about 1250 mi from Mackay, Queensland to the Torres Strait (between Australia and New Guinea.) The Great Barrier Reef is home to a remarkable number of organisms. The coral itself is made up of the skeletons of tiny, flowerlike water animals called polyps, held together by a limestone substance produced by a type of algae. Hundreds... ...bal Warming kills Great Barrier Reef coral http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/exterel/news/981008News/8.10.coral.html Coral bleaching http://www.uvi.edu/coral.reefer/bleach.htm Coral Reef http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=050FE000 Coral reefs in peril worldwide http://usatoday.com/life/science/environ/lse011.htm Coral 'stress' worsening, expert says http://www.msnbc.com/news/287041.asp?cp1=1 Global warming http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=03CCE000 Greenpeace reports threat to Great Barrier Reef http://www.wwinternational.com/pages/updatecontent/Reef.html Protecting Coral Reefs http://coralreef.gov/how.html What are Some Solutions to Global Warming http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Andes/9520/whattodo.html What are the Causes of Global Warming? http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Andes/9520/causes.html

Use & develop system to promote communication

Review the range of groups and Individual whose communication needs must be addressed In own Job role Communication with doctors surgery Is vital & crucial In our setting. Residents' & family alike are dependent on us to Immediately recognize any sign & symptoms of any type of illness. They will be able to recognize an illness if we will be able to give them signs or symptoms of the residents as we are the one who should know them best.To a person who has sensory disability I. E. Somebody who has speech impediment will have difficulty explaining where or what the problem is verbally but because we look after them, we get to recognize the symptoms as it enfolds. Making it easier for the doctor to either write up a prescription or refer to the appropriate professional for further investigation. Residents' continue to require the support of community nurses. Meeting with the community nurses on how to improve the services that residents get to avail of & preventative measures that can b e done In order to avoid future problems.Record keeping & monitoring of residents progress should be available for future reference for continuity of care. Residents & families should have access to a social worker & same goes with managers. Should there be concern's about a family or a resident this should be addressed by having a meeting with them. Evidence's should be available to support the concern that is being addressed to. Members of staff has to know that in the event that they need support on anything, help is available. Trainings should be provided for in order for them to do their job role.There should also be an evaluation on their performance which should be discussed during their supervision with pointers on areas where they should improve on & be given support & motivation when they have done something right. Members of staff should know the importance of confidentiality and be wary In giving out information as It Is only on a need to know basis. Otherwise, breach of confidentiality Is violated & will have a corresponding repercussion. 1. 2 Explain how to support effective communication within own Job roles The role of the manager is to empower and promote the individuals rights.During the pre- assessment you should be able to identify what type of support on the residents' daily living we can be of help in order to promote independence & their dignity intact. Residents thru our help should have access to healthcare professionals so as not to limit their capacity. Involvement & support from families & friends are Important as thru them we will be able to take know the person more & be able to support them In a way familiar to them. If for example a resident suffers from dysphasia working with a speech therapist will do the trick.

The Poem By Billy Collins - 1652 Words

The poem â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† by Billy Collins, is about a teacher explaining to her students how to read and analyze poetry. Collins employs an abundance of figurative language, especially metaphors and images, to express the progressive steps taken to understand a poem for all that it encompasses. When beginning to read a poem, first we must look at the bigger picture, like we are working from the outside of the poem to the inside. Once we begin to understand the storyline, we must dive further into the poem, and analyze the types of words being used.. We further investigate by putting ourselves in the poem. Then, after having looked at the poem from the inside, we must reread it to realign with the big picture. By using metaphors, imagery, and syntax, Collins demonstrates how to analyze a poem. In an â€Å"Introduction to Poetry,† the teacher instructs the students to interpret the poem through close reading, showing them how to draw conclusions about the ma in idea. However, the poem is too complex and too difficult for the students to comprehend reading. The first stanzas of the poem tell the students to look at the bigger picture or key topic in the poem. By taking apart each metaphor, the students can uncover what the teacher is trying to instruct, and are able to understand how to read poetry for a full interpretation. In the first simile, the poem is the tenor, or the subject, and the color slide is the vehicle which elaborates a comparison. The color slide is aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Billy Collins 1333 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Poetry Billy Collins is known as one of the most popular, successful, and influential poets in American history. Collins is famously known for addressing his audience directly, mentally pulling them into the poem, and creating a temporary companionship with the reader. One of the prominent examples of this style of writing can be examined in his poem, Introduction to Poetry. 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Shoveling snow with Buddha, Victorias secret, and I Chop Some Parsley While Listening To Art Blakeys Version Of Three Blind Mice3082 Words   |  13 PagesArguably the most popular poet in America, Billy Collins provides readers with two types of poetry that is nothing like typical poetry. One of his unique styles is writing as if the poem could be read like a novel. The other type brings humor and whimsy to his work, yet he hints at a seriousness that lies beneath the surface. Both styles of poetry are easy to read, but take a second look to realize what the Collins is intending the reader to understand. Billy Collins is an exceptionally talented poet whoseRead More The Poetry of Billy Collins Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe Poetry of Billy Collins In 2001 a new poet laureate was crowned and a new voice; the voice of a poetic everyman was heard by many for the first time. That voice belonged to Billy Collins. 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Collins’ ability to write poetry was evident at an early age. He wrote his first poem at the age of 12 and went on to join the literary magazine of his high school (Cunningham). Collins has earned numerousRead MoreIntroduction to Poetry Representation935 Words   |  4 Pages Poetry is not just words formed into a line and a stanza; each poem is an opportunity to â€Å"dance† with the poet to his or her significant song. â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† by Billy Collins is a reflection on how readers should read poetry. This poem is about how readers should take the time to understand and explore poetry. 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